| Authors, (source) |
Key sign of a cluster |
Content |
| Alfred Marshall, (Robbins, 1968) |
Geographical accessory (region) as the factor explaining concentration of economic activity. |
Belonging of the participants of a cluster to one geographical territory occupied in the industry of the same name that allows increasing intensity of cooperation communications. The following factors exert impact on development of a cluster:- the developed "local" labour market;- key resources on an entrance from suppliers;- the know-how, their movement (exchange) and implementation are provided by participants of a cluster that leads to improvement of work performance, economic development of the territory in general. |
| Joseph A. Schumpeter,(Schumpeter, 1939) |
Economic development is considered within innovative development based on "long waves", developed by Kondratyev N. D. |
The concept "a cycle of economic development" contains the following elements: consumption, means and objects of the labor, work, cost, the prices, and costs performed within innovative development of the territories. |
| Jacob Schmookler,(Schmookler, 1966) |
Entrepreneurial chain |
Independent technological chains, the forming flows (movement) of resources |
| Frederic M. Scherer, (Scherer, 1982) |
Entrepreneurial chain |
Independent technological chains, the forming flows (movement) of resources. Their analysis was carried out with use of an indicator of "costs for research and experimental developments of Research and Development" |
| Michael Porter,(Porter, 2007) |
Geographical accessory (region) of participants of a cluster.The industrial groups with criteria of clusters which are based on advanced production technologies and have national competitive advantages |
In a cluster the author distinguishes direct production enterprises in this specific industry from participants, the entity of the supporting and related industries, suppliers, consumers, and also the serving institutes (state, scientific, educational, research, logistic and so on). |
| Paul Krugman,(Krugman, 1991) |
Geographical accessory (region) |
He marked out the principles of clustering of economy, being based on accessory on a geographical sign. At the same time he gave distinctions in opportunities of clustering of the territories occupied in industrial production and agricultural sector, considered distinctions in the cost level of this or that economic system (transport) |
| E.J. Feser, E.M. Bergman,(Feser & Bergman, 2010) |
Key role in creation of a chain of values in the region. The cluster is merging on the basis of industrial enterprises and non-production organizations for which participation in a cluster is an additional competitive advantage due to the establishment of production relations, manpower and intangible assets created in the territory of a cluster. |
Using the process approach, 23 clusters are determined by the principle "entrance exit". Allocation in similar industries, suppliers of the same name and consumers of resources in the entrance exit system. Participants of cooperation communications are selected not by cost criterion but according to non-material indicators (technologies having the same name of production and non-production nature) |
| Ben Thuriaux-Aleman,(Thuriaux, Eagar & Johansson, 2013) |
Innovative cluster exist on 3 levels: meso - macro - microlevel |
Interaction between industrial sector and research sector of economy, entering of the concept "critical mass". Focus at the macro level — specialization of national (regional) economy, the need for innovations and fixed improvement of "product" and "processes" for mega-clusters. Clusters of meso-level assume interaction of participants of a production chain at various stages of creation and movement of "product", assumes carrying out SWOT analysis. |
| Hessel Verbeek,(Verbeek, 1999) |
Entrepreneurial chain |
Possibility of creation of value added in a chain of values innovative clusters |
| Michael J. Enright (Enright, 2000) |
Implementation of cluster approach is considered in the conditions of globalization of economic communications and presence in the local market of the MC countries (multinational corporations) capable to influence the level of competitiveness of the entities and organization in the region |
The strategy of interaction between multinational corporations (MC) and local clusters in various directions: the state participation, the level of development of productive forces in the region, a possibility of implementation by partners (MC, a cluster) investments of a material and intangible nature, receipt of benefits and benefits as a result of implementation of cooperation communications. |
| Gordon L. Clark, Meric S. Gertler, Maryann P. Feldman (Gordon, 2003) |
The cluster is under construction on the basis of geographical accessory, at the same time it takes into account: institutional approach (a role of transactional expenses in forming of trade flow), global approach (an equity modulation, in particular the intellectual equity) |
Authors build the matrix by sectors, in each of which a certain type of a cluster depending on the chosen key signs is allocated: 1 group:- interaction in a cluster;- interaction between clusters;- isolated entities which are territorially present in one region.2. group:- categories of suppliers (local, external, residents, nonresidents)3 group:- export orientation:- import orientation. |
