Variables |
Measurement |
References |
TOBIN Q |
(Market value of shareholders' equity + Book value of firm's liabilities) / Book value of a firm's assets at the year's end. |
(Mohd Suffian et al., 2015; Mohd Suffian, 2021; Suffian et al., 2022) |
Board Size |
The total number of directors on the firm’s governing bodies at the end of the year. |
(Mohd Suffian, 2021; Waheed & Malik, 2019) |
Board Independence |
The proportion of independent directors. |
(Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance, 2021; Mohd Suffian, 2021; Tulung & Ramdani, 2018) |
Board Meeting |
The number of board meetings is held throughout the financial year. |
(Eluyela et al., 2018; Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance, 2021; Mohd Suffian, 2021) |