Abstract
The relevance of research of the conditions and factors of formation of ideas about parenting among students is due to a decrease in fertility in Russia and many other countries, the distribution of the phenomena of "delayed parenthood", "child-free", deviant motherhood, etc. The article presents the results of an empirical research, the purpose of which is to identify the characteristics of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I a future mother), depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. In order to achieve the goal we used a set of complementary methods: theoretical and methodological analysis of literary sources, psycho-diagnostic methods (the method of semantic differential, a projective technique of "Incomplete Sentences", the questionnaire "Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage" by A. N. Volkova), methods of applied statistics. The study involved 1109 students of 15 to 22 years old. The hypothesis was confirmed with the help of correlation analysis that the content and hierarchical structure of qualities in the images of "an ideal father", "an ideal mother", "I am a future father", "I am a future mother" depend on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. The type of family self-determination determines the features of the content and hierarchical structure of ideas about parenting among young men and women. The results will be useful in developing a program of psychological and pedagogical support for the development of responsible, inclusive parenthood among student's youth.
Keywords: Parenthoodmotherhoodfatherhoodfamily self-determinationstudents
Introduction
The relevance of the research of representations of young men and women about parenthood is due to the current crisis of motherhood and fatherhood. On the decline of the value of the parent institute in society show the rise of non-marital births, the number of same-sex families, a conscious rejection of the implementation of the maternal role in explanation of a hedonistic nature (childfree), the transfer of children to nannies, small families, delayed fertility, reproductive health disorders, surrogacy, etc. Subjective value of motherhood and fatherhood reduced in the increasing importance of youth motivation, personal achievement, professional fulfillment, which naturally leads to unfavorable demographic situation in Russia and many other countries. The question of the conditions and factors of formation of ideas about parenting and parental position in today's youth is one of the main and studied among the psychological aspects of the problem of fertility insufficiently. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to create a system of measures to help and support responsible, included parenthood and insufficient study of this phenomenon from psychological positions.
Problem Statement
Karabanova and Molchanov (2017) analyzed social, family and psychological factors of formation of parental attitudes at the stage of entering adulthood. It was shown that the formation of value-positive attitude to parenting is influenced by emotional relationships in the parent family. The process of forming an attitude to parenting begins at the earliest stages of childhood with the direct influence of the parent family. Source of samples of their own parent behaviors serves close communication and interaction within the family (Zakharova, 2015; Karabanova et al., 2017). Ovcharova (2003) differentiates the concepts of "parenthood", "motherhood" and " fatherhood". Parenthood is considered by the author as a super individual whole that goes beyond the individual and includes two people who decided to give birth to a new life (At the same time, motherhood and fatherhood relate to the individual, differ behavioral responses, due to gender and ethno-cultural stereotypes.
The subject of special research was the question of the peculiarities of the attitude to the motherhood of young women in the period of entry into adulthood. These researchers (Burmenskaya et al., 2018) confirm the trend of reducing the subjective importance of motherhood among female students as a special social group. It is established that the order of birth and sex sibling reveal a certain connection with the nature of the relationship of young women to motherhood. Studies show that there is a connection between the value sphere of the individual and the peculiarities of the relationship to the parental position (Karabanova et al., 2018b). It is proved that the nature of parent-child relationships (psychological separation from the mother and the experience of acceptance / rejection) determine the type of relationship to the maternal role of students (Sadovnikova et al., 2018). Attitude towards the world and self-esteem is the important factors in the formation of attitudes to parenting and motherhood (Karabanova et al., 2018a).
Traditionally, paternity is understood as a social institution, a system of rights, duties, social expectations and demands placed on the man as a parent, rooted in the normative system of culture and in the structure of the family. Father identification – the process of understanding yourself as a parent and the acceptance (or denial) of existing cultural norms of behavior of the father (taking roles) (Gurko, 2008, p. 106). The works of Sadovnikova (2017), Avdeeva (2012), Borisenko (2015), Levchenko (2008), Danilova (2012), and others were devoted to the study of the paternal identity of the father, the mechanisms and factors of the father's role.
Resolution of the contradiction between the need of modern society in the formation of value-positive attitude to parenting among students and the need to identify psychological factors of adoption of maternal and paternal role at the stage of entry into adulthood determines the problem of this research.
Research Questions
Today the following issues remain unresolved.
3.1. Are there any particularities in the perceptions of parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother and I am a future father / I am a future mother) depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women?
3.2. Does a cognitive image of an ideal father /an ideal mother coincide with the ideas of the students' own fatherhood / motherhood depending on the type of family self-determination?
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics of ideas about parenting, depending on the type of family self-determination of young men and women. We have put forward the hypothesis that perceptions of parenthood (an ideal father / an ideal mother and I am a future father / I am a future mother) of students are determined by the type of family self-determination. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis we have conducted a research aimed at solving the following problems.
4.1. Explore the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father/ I am a future mother), depending on the type of family self-determination of young men.
4.2. To determine the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father/ I am a future mother) depending on the type of family self-determination of young women.
The research was conducted on the basis of the Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan Branch of Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, Branch of Russian State University for the Humanities in Astrakhan, Astrakhan State Polytechnic College, Astrakhan College of Computing Technology. The research involved 1109 students of 15 to 22 years old. There were 420 young men and 689 young women.
Research Methods
In order to achieve the objectives and prove the hypothesis we used a set of complementary research methods.
5.1. The following psych diagnostic methods were used to diagnose the type of family self-determination and mentality: the method of semantic differential, developed by Ch. Osgood, a projective technique of "Incomplete Sentences", the questionnaire "Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage" by A. N. Volkova
5.2. Methods of applied statistics were used for the analytical stage: Shapiro-Wilk criterion, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for one sample, correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis.
Findings
Features of ideas about parenting depending on the type of family self-determination of young men
To diagnose the types of family self-determination, we used the previously presented algorithm (Merzlyakova, 2018), which involves the first stage of factor analysis by the principal components method, the suitability analysis, and then the cluster analysis by the k-means method. In the group of young men, the following distribution is observed: diffuse family self-determination has 42.1 % (177 people), predetermined family self – determination – 10.5% (44 people), declared family self – determination – 21.4% (90 people), achieved and implemented family self-determination – 26% (109 people).
In the group
In a
The rank correlation of Spearman was used in the
In the group
Features of ideas about parenting depending on the type of family self-determination of young women
Similarly, in the group of young women, we studied the features of ideas about parenting, depending on the type of family self-determination. The following types of family self-determination were revealed among young women: diffuse family self – determination has 15.8 % (109 people), predetermined family self – determination – 17 % (117 people), declared family self-determination – 27.7 % (191 people), achieved and implemented family self-determination – 39.5 % (272 people).
The linear Pearson
We used Spearman's rank correlation in the
In the group
In the group of young women made and implemented family self-determination in the result of the calculation of the Spearman's rank correlation and ranking factors established the following hierarchy of qualities of an ideal father: 1) diligence (r s = 0.498 at p < 0.01); 2) personal independence (r s = 0.407 at p < 0.01); 3) balance (r s= 0.386 at p < 0.01); 4) industry (r s = 0.378 at p < 0.01); 5) performance of duties (r s = 0.363 at p < 0.01); 6) patience (r s = 0.351 at p < 0.01); 7) respect towards other people (r s = 0.345 at p < 0.01); 8) responsibility (r s = 0.329 at p < 0.01); 9) success (r s = 0.312 at p< 0.01); 10) empathy (r s = 0.142 at p < 0.01). From this typological group, the image of an ideal mother hierarchy is characterized by the following qualities: 1) diligence (r s= 0.532 at p < 0.01); 2) respect towards other people (r s= 0.372 at p < 0.01); 3) personal independence (r s = 0.368 at p< 0.01); 4) industry (r s= 0.331 at p < 0.01); 5) balance (r s = 0.284 at p< 0.01); 6) performance of duties (r s = 0.256 at p < 0.01), success (r s = 0.256 at p < 0.01); 7) patience (r s = 0.238 at p < 0.01); 8) responsibility (r s = 0.193 at p < 0.01). The image “I am a future mother” is differed from the image of an ideal mother of a large number of qualities and hierarchical structure: 1) the importance of parental roles and responsibilities in the upbringing of children (r s = 0.533 at p < 0.01); 2) active participation in the management of the household (r s = 0.503 at p < 0.01); 3) diligence (r s = 0.499 at p < 0.01); 4) respect towards other people (r s= 0.363 at p < 0.01); 5) responsibility (r s = 0.358 at p < 0.01); 6) balance (r s = 0.339 at p < 0.01); 7) industry (r s = 0.328 at p < 0.01); 8) performance of duties (r s = 0.285 at p < 0.01); 9) patience (r s = 0.276 at p < 0.01); 10) empathy (r s = 0.243 at p < 0.01); 11) success (r s = 0.235 at p < 0.01); 12) personal independence (r s = 0.23 at p < 0.01).
Conclusion
Thus, when analyzing the results of empirical research, we have identified the features of ideas about parenting (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I am a future mother) of young men and women depending on the type of family self-determination.
The type of family self-determination influences the hierarchical structure of qualities in the image of an ideal father of young men and women. Among young men of all types of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father contains qualities such as diligence and empathy. With the declared, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination, the image of an ideal father is supplemented by such qualities as fulfillment of duties, industry, respect towards other people, balance. Among young men with the declared and diffuse family self-determination in the cognitive image of an ideal father the greatest number of qualities. There is also personal independence, patience belongs to the above-mentioned. Among young men of a predetermined type of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father is characterized by the least number of qualities. The image of an ideal father among young men declared family self-determination is differed by parent-educational sphere, responsibility. Diffuse type young men consider success to be an important quality of an ideal father. Among young men of a predetermined type of family self-determination, ideas about an ideal father do not coincide with the image of “I am a future father”, which includes such qualities as success and diligence. For young men of the declared, diffuse, realized and reached types the coincidence of qualities in images of an ideal father and “I am a future father” is peculiar (diligence, personal independence, responsibility, respect towards other people, balance), but their hierarchy changes. The young men declared the type in the way his own paternity contains patience. The young men of diffuse type are distinguished by such qualities as performance of duties and empathy. The peculiarity of the cognitive image of “I am a future father” of young men realized and achieved types is the importance of external attractiveness and social activity.
Among the young women of all types of family self-determination, the image of an ideal father contains such qualities as diligence, personal independence, respect towards other people, patience, industry, balance. The young women declared, diffused, implemented and achieved family in the image of an ideal father consider such important qualities as performance of duties, success. Responsibility is the essential feature of an ideal father among the young women of foregone conclusion, diffuse, implemented and achieved types. Empathy is contained in the image of an ideal father among young women of diffuse, realizable and achieved family self-determination.
Among all young men in the cognitive image of an ideal mother, care is an important quality. For young men of the declared, diffuse, realized and reached types of family self-determination the image of an ideal mother includes balance and success. Respect towards other people complements the image of an ideal mother among young men of the predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved types. Performance of duties characterizes an image of ideal mother at the representatives predetermined, declared and diffusion types. Personal independence among young men of diffuse, realized and achieved types, diligence of declared and diffuse family self-determination. The young men of the predetermined type consider the responsibility of the declared type and patience as important in the image of an ideal mother.
The common qualities of the cognitive image of an ideal mother of young women for all types of family self-determination are care and respect towards other people. Among the young women of declared, diffuse, implemented and achieved types important qualities are the fulfillment of duties, personal independence, industry, balance, success. Responsibility and patience are contained in the hierarchical structure of the image of an ideal mother among young women of predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination. Among young girls of the declared, diffuse types, the image of an ideal mother is distinguished by the presence of empathy. Regardless of the type of family self-determination, the image of “I am a future mother” contains such qualities as fulfillment of duties, diligence, responsibility, respect towards other people, balance. Personal independence, patience is considered valuable properties among young women of declared, implemented and achieved types. Diligence complements the image of “I am a future mother” among young women of a predetermined, diffuse, realized and achieved family self-determination. Success is included in the list of qualities of young women of declared, diffuse, implemented and achieved types. Empathy is contained in the image of “I am a future mother” among young women of diffuse, realizable and achieved family self-determination. The young women of the predetermined type differ in expressiveness in image “I am a future mother” of external appeal and the desire to give emotional and psychotherapeutic support to family members. The cognitive image of “I am a future mother” among young women of realized and achieved family self-determination is characterized by the importance of parental and educational functions, active participation in the household sphere.
Thus, the type of family self-determination determines the peculiarities of the content and hierarchical structure of cognitive images of parenthood (an ideal father / an ideal mother, I am a future father / I am a future mother) among young men and women.
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07 November 2019
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Cite this article as:
Merzlyakova, S. V. (2019). Ideas About Parenting Depending On The Type Of Family Self-Determination Of Students. In P. Besedová, N. Heinrichová, & J. Ondráková (Eds.), ICEEPSY 2019: Education and Educational Psychology, vol 72. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 197-205). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.11.17