Strategy groups |
Subgroups |
Specific strategies |
MEMORY-RELATED STRATEGIES |
Creating mental linkages |
GroupingAssociating/elaboratingPlacing new words into context |
Applying images and sounds |
Using imagerySemantic mappingUsing key wordsRepresenting sounds in memory |
Reviewing well |
Structured reviewing |
Employing action |
Using physical response or sensationUsing mechanical techniques |
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES |
Practising |
RepeatingFormally practising with sounds and writing systemsRecognising und using formulas and patternsRecombiningPractising naturalistically |
Receiving and sending messages |
Getting the idea quicklyUsing resources for receiving and sending messages |
Analysing and reasoning |
Reasoning deductivelyAnalysing expressionsAnalysing contrastively (across languages)TranslatingTransferring |
Creating structures for input and output |
Taking notesSummarisingHighlighting |
COMPENSATION STRATEGIES |
Guessing intelligently |
Using linguistic cluesUsing other clues |
Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing |
Switching to the mother tongueGetting helpUsing mime or gestureAvoiding communication partially or totallySelecting the topicsAdjusting or approximating the messageCoining wordsUsing a circumlocution or synonym |
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES |
Centering your learning |
Overviewing and linking with already known materialPaying attentionDelaying speech production to focus on listening |
Arranging and planning your learning |
Finding out about language learningOrganisingSetting goals and objectivesIdentifying the purpose of a language task (purposeful listening /reading/speaking/writing)Planning for a language taskSeeking practice opportunities |
Evaluating your learning |
Self-monitoringSelf-evaluating |
AFFECTIVE STRATEGIES |
Lowering your anxiety |
Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditationUsing musicUsing laughter |
Encouraging yourself |
Making positive statementsTaking risks wiselyRewarding yourself |
Taking your emotional temperature |
Listening to your bodyUsing a check-listWriting a language learning diaryDiscussing your feelings with someone else |
SOCIAL STRATEGIES |
Asking questions |
Asking for clarification or verificationAsking for correction |
Cooperating with others |
Cooperating with peersCooperating with proficient users of the new language |
Empathising with others |
Developing cultural understandingBecoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings |